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| Song
Dynasty ~ 960 - 1279 |
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| Major
Advancements: Paper Money, Movable Type Printing,
The Civil Service Exam, The Compass, Gunpowder |
| Major
Public Works: The Northern Song Tombs |
The Song
period divides into two phases: Northern Song (960-1127)
and Southern Song (1127-1279). The division was caused by
the forced abandonment of north China in 1127 by the Song
court, which could not push back the nomadic invaders.The
founders of the Song dynasty built an effective
centralized bureaucracy staffed with civilian
scholar-officials. Regional military governors and their
supporters were replaced by centrally appointed officials.
This system of civilian rule led to a greater
concentration of power in the emperor
and his palace bureaucracy than had been achieved in the
previous dynasties. The Song dynasty is notable for the
development of cities not only for administrative purposes
but also as centers of trade, industry, and maritime
commerce. The landed scholar-officials, sometimes
collectively referred to as the gentry, lived in the
provincial centers alongside the shopkeepers, artisans,
and merchants. A new group of wealthy commoners--the
mercantile class-- arose as printing and education spread,
private trade grew, and a market economy began to link the
coastal provinces and the interior. Landholding and
government employment were no longer the only means of
gaining wealth and prestige. |
| Northern
Song Dynasty |
 
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| Taizu |
960-976 |
Taizong |
976-997 |
| Zhenzong |
998-1022 |
Renzong |
1022-1063 |
| Yingzong |
1064-1067 |
Shenzong |
1068-1085 |
| Zhezong |
1086-1101 |
Huizong |
1101-1125 |
| Qinzong |
1126 |
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Southern Song
Dynasty
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| Gaozong |
1127-1162 |
Xiaozong |
1163-1190 |
| Guangzong |
1190-1194 |
Ningzong |
1195-1224 |
| Lizong |
1225-1264 |
Duzong |
1265-1274 |
| Gongzong |
1275 |
Duanzong |
1276-1278 |
| Bing Di |
1279 |
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